NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every living cell, functioning as a co-substrate for more than 500 enzymatic reactions. Its role in cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation has made it one of the most intensively studied molecules in longevity and aging research.

SS-31 (Elamipretide; also known as MTP-131 and Bendavia) is a synthetic tetrapeptide designed to selectively concentrate in the inner mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with cardiolipin. It has been studied extensively as a tool for investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in models of aging, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and metabolic disease.

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA gene of the mitochondrial genome. Its discovery in 2015 established a new class of bioactive peptides — mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) — and opened a new area of research into mitochondrial signaling and metabolic regulation.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide analogue of Epithalamin, a peptide bioregulator isolated from bovine pineal gland extract by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues in the 1980s. It has been studied in Russian research programs for effects on telomerase activity, melatonin secretion, and longevity in animal models.